Посещений:
Insulin Action: Molecular Basis of Diabetes Enciclopedia of Life Sciences doi:10.1038/npg.els.0001402 | |
|
Unbalanced regulation of the signalling cascades that mediate insulin action in the cell leads to diabetes mellitus. Thus, identification of the basic mechanism of insulin action promotes our understanding of the molecular basis of diabetes and the development of better therapeutic interventions. Рис.1. The insulin promoter. The genomic sequence elements are shown in boxes. Hepatic nuclear factors (HNF) regulate the expression of binding proteins (shown at an angle) that regulate the transcription of insulin in the ? cell of the pancreas. TX denotes the transcription initiation site, and HNF the hepatic nuclear factors that regulate the expression of the binding proteins in a tissue-specifi ... Рис.2. The proinsulin molecule, which consists of a C-peptide bridge linking the A and B chains. Cleavage of the C-peptide bridge by endopeptidases produces mature and active insulin. S–S denotes the disulfide bonds. ... Рис.3. Insulin action in the cell. Insulin exerts multiple effects in the cell. Insulin action is mediated by the binding of insulin to its receptor, and the subsequent phosphorylation of the receptor and other substrates by the receptor tyrosine kinase. ... Рис.4. The insulin receptor, a heterotetrameric structure containing two ? and two ? subunits. The ? subunit contains the insulin-binding domain and the ? subunit contains the catalytic tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of insulin (ligand) to its receptor activates the kinase to phosphorylate the receptor on tyrosine (Tyr) residues in the intracellular domain of the receptor. ATP, adenosine triphosph ... Рис.5. Intracellular insulin signalling pathways. Insulin binding to its receptor activates different signalling pathways. Two main limbs propagate insulin signals: the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) pathway, and the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The IRS/PI3-K pathway mediates glycogen synthesis and the translocation of glucose transpor ... Рис.6. The docking function of proteins of the insulin receptor substrate family. Phosphorylated tyrosine residues of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins at signature Y-x-x-M motifs (where Y is tyrosine, x is any amino acid, and M is methionine) become binding sites for src homology 2 (SH2) domains of the p85? subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase). This leads to the activation ... Рис.7. Alignment of the members of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) family of proteins, showing the four clones of IRS proteins. The length of the polypeptide chain is shown to the right of each bar. Conserved phosphorylation sites are indicated by small red boxes. The figure also includes the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, the phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain and the kinase regulatory lo ... Рис.8. Interaction of insulin receptors and proteins from the insulin receptor substrates family. Association between the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins and the insulin receptor occurs mainly between the phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain of IRS proteins and the juxtamembrane region of the insulin receptor. It requires phosphorylation of tyrosine 972 in the juxtamembrane domain of the ... Рис.9. Substrates of the insulin receptor kinase. Various substrates undergo phosphorylation by the insulin receptor kinase. Whereas most substrates are cytoplasmic, pp120 is a plasma membrane protein that undergoes insulin-stimulated tryosine phosphorylation in its cytoplasmic tail. AKT, product of the AKT proto-oncogene; GSK, glycogen synthase kinase; PDK, phosphatidylinositol-dependent kinase; P ... Рис.10. Downstream effectors of insulin signalling: the AKT serine/threonine kinase. In response to insulin, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) is activated, and subsequently the intracellular concentration of PI 3-phosphate is increased. This activates the PI-dependent kinases (PDK) 1 and 2 which, in turn, activate AKT kinase by phosphorylating its threonine 308 and serine 473 residues, respecti ... (Табл.1) Aetiology of diabetes mellitus References Di Guglielmo GM, Drake PG, Baass PC et al. (1998) Insulin receptor internalization and signalling. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 182: 59–63.
Duckworth WC, Bennett RG and Hamel FG (1998) Insulin degradation: progress and potential. Endocrine Reviews 19: 608–624.
Habener JF and Stoffers DA (1998) A newly discovered role of transcriptional factors involved in pancreas development and the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians 110: 12–21.
Hotamisligil GS, Peraldi P, Budavari A et al. (1996) IRS-1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in TNF?- and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Science 271: 665–668.
Kahn CR, Vicent D and Doria A (1996) Genetics of non-insulin-dependent (type-II) diabetes mellitus. Annual Review of Medicine 47: 509–531.
Matozaki T and Kasuga M (1996) Roles of protein-tyrosine phosphatases in growth factor-signalling. Cellular Signaling 8: 13–19.
Najjar SM, Blakesley VA, Calzi SL et al. (1997) Differential phosphorylation of pp120 by insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors: role for the C-terminal domain of the ?-subunit. Biochemistry 36: 6827–6834.
Ogawa W, Matozaki T and Kasuga M (1998) Role of binding proteins to IRS-1 in insulin signalling. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 182: 13–22.
Taylor SI (1999) Deconstructing type 2 diabetes. Cell 97: 9–12.
essons from insulin-resistant patients. Acta Paediatrica 399: 95–104 [Supplement].
>van den Ouweland JM, Lemkes HH, Trembath RC et al. (1994) Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness is a distinct subtype of diabetes and associates with a single point mutation in the mitochondrial tRNA(Leu(UUR)) gene. Diabetes 43: 746–751.
White MF (1998) The IRS-signalling system: a network of docking proteins that mediate. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 182: 3–11.
| |
| |
| Zhidong Tu, Mark P. Keller, Chunsheng Zhang, Mary E. Rabaglia, Danielle M. Greenawalt, Xia Yang, I-Ming Wang, Hongyue Dai, Matthew D. Bruss, Pek Y. Lum, Yun-Ping Zhou, Daniel M. Kemp, Christina Kendziorski, [ ... ], Jun Zhu (jun.zhu@mssm.edu) Integrative Analysis of a Cross-Loci Regulation Network Identifies App as a Gene Regulating Insulin Secretion from Pancreatic Islets PLoS Genet 8(12): e1003107. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003107 |